Enso Sticker

Love th contrasting textures, l/f

Wonderful composition with great title. L

You made me look this up! :) El Ni�o Southern Oscillation (ENSO), refers to the effects of a band of sea surface temperatures which are anomalously warm or cold for long periods of time that develops off the western coast of South America and causes climatic changes across the tropics and subtropics. The "Southern Oscillation" refers to variations in the temperature of the surface of the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, with warming known as El Ni�o and cooling known as La Ni�a, and in air surface pressure in the tropical western Pacific. The two variations are coupled: the warm oceanic phase, El Ni�o, accompanies high air surface pressure in the western Pacific, while the cold phase, La Ni�a, accompanies low air surface pressure in the western Pacific.[1][2] The two phases relate to the Walker circulation, discovered by Gilbert Walker during the early twentieth century. The Walker circulation is caused by the pressure gradient force that results from a high pressure system over the eastern Pacific ocean, and a low pressure system over Indonesia. When the Walker circulation weakens or reverses, an El Ni�o results, causing the ocean surface to be warmer than average, as upwelling of cold water occurs less or not at all. An especially strong Walker circulation causes a La Ni�a, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures due to increased upwelling. Mechanisms that cause the oscillation remain under study. The extremes of this climate pattern's oscillations cause extreme weather (such as floods and droughts) in many regions of the world. Developing countries dependent upon agriculture and fishing, particularly those bordering the Pacific Ocean, are the most affected.